El adobe como sostenibilidad ambiental y arquitectura neoconservadora práctica del distrito de Pomata - Puno
Publicado 2026-03-31
Palabras clave
- Adobe,
- Altiplano,
- arquitectura vernácula,
- inercia térmica,
- sostenibilidad descolonial
Derechos de autor 2026 Juan Carlos Rojas Paredes, Marco Antonio Espíllico Blanco

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Cómo citar
Resumen
El discurso global dominante sobre la “arquitectura sostenible” a menudo ignora la energía incorporada y reproduce patrones de colonialismo material al imponer materiales industriales en ecosistemas frágiles. El objetivo fue proponer el marco de la “Arquitectura Neo-Conservadora Práctica” para priorizar el diseño ancestral de alta eficiencia térmica potenciado por tecnología apropiada situada. La metodología empleada fue de enfoque cualitativo fundamentado en la Teoría Crítica y la Investigación Basada en el Diseño (DBR), aplicado específicamente en el estudio de caso de la comunidad de Batalla, Pomata. La recolección de información se realizó mediante análisis documental local y observación participante, utilizando instrumentos como cuadernos de campo para narrativas, una cámara NikonD3500 y un receptor GPS Garmin eTrex 32x. El análisis se basó en la triangulación cualitativa interpretativa de los hallazgos situacionales y el marco teórico descolonial. Los resultados revelaron una fractura entre el modelo habitacional impuesto y las necesidades locales; los pobladores rechazan las viviendas de concreto por funcionar como “refrigeradores” y revalorizan la inercia térmica del adobe y el uso circular de la bosta. Se presenta el diseño de una vivienda bioclimática con muros masivos de adobe de 0,60 m que actúan como batería térmica, integrando sistemas de biogás y energía fotovoltaica, se demuestra que dicho modelo, basado en la importación de concreto y acero, constituye una forma de deslegitimación del conocimiento vernáculo. Se concluye que la soberanía tecnológica y la pertinencia cultural garantizan la sostenibilidad real, superando el fracaso social y térmico de los estándares eurocéntricos en climas extremos altoandinos.
Referencias
- Ansaa-Asare, R. J., Das, G., Razakamanantsoa, A., Hamard, E., Duc, M., Cazacliu, B., & Verron-Guillemot, L. (2026). The contribution of soil properties and implementation processes to microstructure and mechanical behaviour of earthen construction. Construction and Building Materials, 513, Article 145462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145462
- Arab, M., Khakzand, M., & Saradj, F. M. (2026). Synchronizing the water, energy and food nexus in the Makran coastal region: A new approach using indigenous architectural patterns. Energy Nexus, 22, Article 100657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2026.100657
- Archambault, J. S. (2024). Concrete times. Annual Review of Anthropology, 53, 293–308. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-041422-031946
- Cao, Y., Ding, D., Li, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2025). A quantitative investigation on the passive features in vernacular Mu Nia Tibetan houses. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 16, Article 103379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2025.103379
- Costa, C., Cerqueira, Â., Rocha, F., & Velosa, A. (2019). The sustainability of adobe construction: Past to future. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 13(5), 639–647. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2018.1459954
- Devapriya, A. S., & Thyagaraj, T. (2026). Effect of wet-dry cycles and physico-chemical factors on red soil-bentonite mixtures: Volumetric and hydraulic response. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 18(5), 4108–4124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2025.08.026
- Fahmy, M., Mahdy, M. M., Rizk, H., & Abdelaleem, M. F. (2018). Estimating the future energy efficiency and CO2 emissions of passive country housing applying domestic biogas reactor: A case study in Egypt. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 9, 2599–2607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2017.08.004
- Fletcher, M. S., Hamilton, R., Dressler, W., & Palmer, L. (2021). Indigenous knowledge and the shackles of wilderness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(40), e2022218118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022218118
- Flores Gutierrez, C. Y. (2023). Vernacular architecture and modern design: Towards a new aesthetics and functionality. Land and Architecture, (2), 1. https://doi.org/10.56294/la202350
- Flores Gutierrez, C. Y. (2023). Vernacular architecture and modern design: Towards a new aesthetics and functionality. Land and Architecture, 2(1), Article la202350. https://doi.org/10.56294/la202350
- Garzón-Agudelo, D. M., Sarmiento-Rojas, J. A., & Rueda-Varón, M. J. (2026). Dimensioning of sustainable project management in productive sectors, their strategic alignment, emerging practices and implementation tensions. Sustainability, 18, 6363. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18126363
- Griffiths, S., Sovacool, B. K., Del Rio, D. D. F., Foley, A. M., Bazilian, M. D., Kim, J., & Uratani, J. M. (2023). Decarbonizing the cement and concrete industry: A systematic review of socio-technical systems, technological innovations, and policy options. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 180, 113291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113291
- Hage, S., Hollermann, S., Vegas López-Manzanares, F., & Mileto, C. (2025). Form Follows Availability: Resource Scan for Sustainable Architecture in Siaya County, Kenya. Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering, 38(2), 74–89. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.38.2.41636
- Hernández, F., & Osayimwese, I. (Eds.). (2025). Routledge critical companion to race and architecture. Taylor & Francis.
- Hu, M. (2023). Exploring low-carbon design and construction techniques: Lessons from vernacular architecture. Climate, 11(8), Article 165. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli11080165
- Hugo, J. M. (2021). The Hanoak House as a Flexible and Adaptable Vernacular Precedent for Modern Architecture. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 16(4), 731–739. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.160413
- Jamil, U., & Pearce, J. M. (2026). Sustainable food–energy co-production: Agrivoltaic configurations that maintain organic bean yields and enhance farm revenue. Sustainability, 18, 6365. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18126365
- Ji, P., Wu, C., & Yao, Y. (2026). Spatiotemporal evolutionary characteristics of strategic emerging industries and their impact on carbon emissions in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region. Sustainability, 18, 6368. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18126368
- Jorquera Silva, N., & Sepúlveda Schwember, T. (2025). The transformations of Andean vernacular housing in the arid north of Chile. Materials Research Proceedings, 46, 11–18. https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903391-30
- Mateo-Santiago, J., Paulina-Barrón, Y., Chan-Quijano, J. G., Luitin-Luna, M., Suárez Domínguez, K., Montalvo-Rivero, E. A., & Montalvo-Tello, M. S. (2025). Analysis of Earth Bricks from Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico: Physical and Mechanical Properties for Construction Applications. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 13(3), 1777–1783. https://doi.org/10.13189/cea.2025.130324
- Oghenejabor, O. D., Ikoro, M. A., Vwioko, I. R., & Umukoro, B. (2025). Designing of buildings in the age of the Anthropocene: Is environmental sustainability the answer? World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences, 15(2), 1953–1965. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2025.15.2.0757
- Oluoch, S., Pandit, N., Revelo, L. M., & Harner, C. (2026). Public awareness, concerns and attitudes towards energy transition in Kentucky. Sustainability, 18, 6377. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18126377
- Õunapuu, V., & Bayer, K. (2025). Characterisation of historical lime mortars in Estonian medieval churches. Journal of Architectural Conservation, 31(1), 85-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556207.2024.2345678
- Patidar, S., & Raghuwanshi, B. (2016). Vernacular to modern in the search of sustainable development. ITU A|Z Journal, 13(1), 115–126.
- Reddy, B. V., Mani, M., & Walker, P. (2019). Earthen dwellings and structures: Current status in their adoption. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5883-8
- Rombe, O. S. C., Ching, G. H., & Ali, Z. M. (2021). A Sustainable Value of Vernacular Architecture and Coffee Culture for Coffee Value Chain with Case Study Toraja. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 794, 012189. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/794/1/012189
- Salimi, A., Yurtyapan, A., Ouria, M., Turkan, Z., & Pilehvarian, N. K. (2025). An Overview of Natural Cooling and Ventilation in Vernacular Architectures. Wind, 5(3), 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/wind5030021
- Su, Y., Wang, Y., Wu, Z., Qu, Y., Li, J., Wang, D., & Li, X. (2025). Summer outdoor thermal comfort evaluation of urban open spaces in arid-hot climates. Building and Environment, 284, 113503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113503
- Vijaikis, A., & Poškus, M. S. (2026). Impact of pro-environmental behavior on subjective well-being among adolescents. Sustainability, 18, 6380. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18126380
- Wang, F., & Hannafin, M. J. (2005). Design-based research and technology-enhanced learning environments. ETR&D, 53, 5–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02504682
- Wen, B., Yang, Q., Xu, F., Zhou, J., & Zhang, R. (2023). Phenomenon of courtyards being roofed and its significance for building energy efficiency. Energy & Buildings, 295, 113282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113282
